Mabux: Global Bunker Prices

LNG BUNKER PAGE
- LNG bunker indexes
- OIL/GAS futures settlements
- LNG bunker news
- LNG fuel energy content
SEE LNG BUNKER INDEXES
MARKET BUNKER PRICES (MBP)
- 400+ ports worldwide
- Bunker Price History available from 2002
- Supplier's contact details
- Price forecast short (1 day) and long (rolling forward 2 years)
- Differentials section: VLSFO/380 HSFO, VLSFO/MGO LS, MGO LS/VLSFO
See Market Bunker Prices
DIGITAL BUNKER PRICES (DBP:ICE/NYMEX)
- Price adjustments to the Bunker Market's volatility instantly
- Completely independent
- Free from price manipulations
- Unique tool to identify overcharge/undercharge prices
See Digital Bunker Prices for free

MABUX ARA LNG Bunker Index
Port LNG$/mton MGO LS$/mton Date
ARA
1 161.00
+1.00
1 240.00
-50.00
Jul 27
Click to see more LNG Bunker Indexes

Port	LNG$/mton	MGO LS$/mton	Date
ARA	1 161.00	+1.00	1 240.00	-50.00	Jul 27

MABUX Global Bunker Index

380HSFO$/mton		VLS FO$/mton		MGO LS$/mton		Date
613.70	-8.02	788.26	-5.38	1 342.98	-10.70	Aug 3

Click to see Regional Bunker Indexes

MABUX Market Differential Index (MDI)

Correlation between market bunker prices (MBP) and MABUX Digital Bunker Price Benchmark (DBP)

All Indexes in $/mton	380HSFO			VLS FO			MGO LS			Date
All Indexes in $/mton	MBP Index	DBP Index	MDI	MBP Index	DBP Index	MDI	MBP Index	DBP Index	MDI	Date
Rotterdam	520	632	-112	675	708	-33	1 240	1 471	-231	Aug 3
Singapore	580	656	-76	832	800	+32	1 210	1 464	-254	Aug 3
Fujairah	590	606	-16	783	741	+42	1 325	1 527	-202	Aug 3
Houston	490	630	-140	731	730	+1	1 230	1 302	-72	Aug 3

Click to see more details

Digital Bunker Prices
Reasons, Mechanism, Benefits
Click to view presentation

Try free for 3 days

Analytical Section
- Daily and Weekly Bunker analyses and Future Curves
- World and regional Bunker indices
- Bunker Price Forecast for 40+ ports
- Digital Bunker Prices
MABUX for Industry
- API for integration with your application, custom solutions available upon demand
- Bunker market analyses upon request for required region or port
- Bunker Price seminars that allow to learn how to use MABUX tools for bunker business
- MABUX Open Bunker Directory features contact details of bunker suppliers, traders and brokers worldwide.
Latest News
- 2026-08-03
  Oil falls over 5% as Trump calls off Iran strike, announces fresh talks
  Oil prices slumped more than 5% on Monday, falling to their lowest levels in three weeks, as U.S. President Donald Trump said negotiations with Iran would resume this week. As of 09:39 ET (13:39 GMT), Brent crude futures expiring in October had dropped... Read more Oil prices slumped more than 5% on Monday, falling to their lowest levels in three weeks, as U.S. President Donald Trump said negotiations with Iran would resume this week.
  
  As of 09:39 ET (13:39 GMT), Brent crude futures expiring in October had dropped 5.6% to $82.99 per barrel, while U.S. West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude futures had declined 7.2% to $78.57 per barrel.
  
  Both contracts slipped more than 5% last week, but marked a monthly jump of more than 20% in July.
  
  Get premium commodity market insights with InvestingPro subscription -- at 55% off now
  
  Trump said on late Saturday that he had called off a massive planned U.S. military strike on Iran after Tehran and several Middle Eastern countries requested time for negotiations.
  
  "This (deal) would include the Immediate, Complete, and Total OPENING OF THE HORMUZ STRAIT, and an end to Iran’s nuclear threat," Trump wrote in a Truth Social post. He said the U.S. remained ready to attack Iran if diplomacy failed.
  
  Oil prices have gyrated amid a recurring cycle of threats and pullbacks. Last week, Brent crude jumped as the conflict appeared set to spread to other parts of the Middle East, stoking fears of wider disruptions to regional energy infrastructure and shipping.
  
  Iran-backed groups launched drone attacks on Saudi oil facilities, while strikes hit natural gas vessels at Egypt’s Damietta port and targeted shipping routes in both the Strait of Hormuz and the Red Sea, raising concerns that the conflict was expanding to multiple energy transit chokepoints. The developments briefly pushed Brent crude above $90 a barrel.
  
  "Brent is under pressure and Treasury yields are down, both positive developments, but investors are keeping their enthusiasm in check as ’we’ve been here before’ and it’s likely the conflict has further to go before reaching a resolution," analysts at Vital Knowledge said in a note.
  
  The latest decline in oil prices was reinforced by OPEC+’s decision on Sunday to raise production quotas by about 188,000 barrels per day from September, completing the unwinding of a round of voluntary output cuts introduced in 2023.
  
  While previous quota increases had little impact because of supply disruptions in Iran, Russia and Kazakhstan, the latest move signaled the producer group remains committed to gradually restoring output as geopolitical risks show signs of easing. Source: Investing.com
- 2026-08-03
  Definitive agreement on Moeve and Galp downstream merger expected in H2 2026
  At the announcement of Spanish energy company Moeve’s H1 2026 financial results today (31 July), CEO Maarten Wetselaar said that ‘strong progress’ had been made on its proposed downstream merger with Portugal’s Galp and the expectation is that a definitive... Read more
- 2026-08-03
  IMO signals completion of first audit cycle on implementation of its regulations
  The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has completed the first audit cycle under the IMO Member State Audit Scheme (IMSAS), with 168 Member States audited on how effectively they implement IMO regulations. IMSAS, which became mandatory in 2016,... Read more
- 2026-08-03
  Drewry expands OnDemand platform
  Consultancy Drewry has expanded the sector coverage and functionality of its OnDemand maritime research knowledge platform. In a statement issued today (3 August), Drewry said that the enhancements to the system include additions for Multipurpose and... Read more
- 2026-08-03
  Port of Long Beach issued $2 million through Green Shipping Incentive Program in 2025
  Port of Long Beach issued more than $2 million to ship operators in 2025 through its Green Shipping Incentive Program. According to an update in its July newsletter, the port provided incentives ranging from $600 to $9,000 per port call, with operators... Read more
- 2026-08-03
  PIL flags role in Shanghai Port’s LNG bunkering milestone
  Pacific International Lines (PIL) has announced its dual-fuel Kota Eagle recently took on LNG bunker fuel at Shanghai Port. According to the container shipping company, the fuelling of its 14,000 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit) vessel last month... Read more
- 2026-08-03
  Europe risks falling behind China in green shipping fuel production
  Financial support and clean fuel targets at the EU level can help Europe stay competitive in the emerging market, according to a report by T&E. According to The European Federation for Transport & Environment (T&E)'s latest e-fuels tracker, Europe... Read more Financial support and clean fuel targets at the EU level can help Europe stay competitive in the emerging market, according to a report by T&E.
  
  According to The European Federation for Transport & Environment (T&E)'s latest e-fuels tracker, Europe has 69 e-fuel projects that could serve the maritime sector, but only six are operational. In comparison, China has three operational projects that currently produce 10 times more than the European projects.
  
  The group warns that if this trend continues, Chinese output could flood European markets, unless Europe strengthens its domestic competitiveness. It has urged Europe to step up investment in domestic e-fuel production to maintain its competitive position.
  
  Estimated production volumes are sufficient to meet FuelEU Maritime's 1% Renewable Fuels of Non-Biological Origin (RFNBO) target by 2031, largely driven by the Andalusian Green Hydrogen Valley project. The Spanish project is expected to supply e-fuel to several industries, including shipping, and produce 474,000 tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) of e-ammonia and e-methanol annually.
  
  However, it is not yet expected to produce enough e-fuel to meet FuelEU Maritime's 2% e-fuels target that could apply from 2034.
  
  In China, 11 e-fuel projects will primarily target the maritime sector, with a combined projected output of 1.50 million-toe. Additionally, four more projects are expected to supply e-fuels to shipping alongside other industrial sectors, contributing a further 0.22 million-toe.
  
  According to the report, these production volumes could help shipping companies comply with green e-fuel mandates introduced at the regional, national and global levels.
  
  The report notes that three projects are already operational in the first phase of their production plans, while another 10 are under construction.
  
  Source: ENGIИE
- 2026-08-03
  MABUX: Bunker Monthly Outlook, July 2026.
  The global bunker market in July was shaped primarily by geopolitical developments, crude price volatility, regional supply dynamics and logistics constraints. The key market drivers included: - Middle East geopolitical tensions: Ongoing uncertainty... Read more The global bunker market in July was shaped primarily by geopolitical developments, crude price volatility, regional supply dynamics and logistics constraints. The key market drivers included:
  - Middle East geopolitical tensions: Ongoing uncertainty surrounding the Strait of Hormuz and Red Sea continued to underpin market sentiment, sustaining geopolitical risk premiums across crude oil, marine fuels and freight markets.
  - Crude oil price volatility: Bunker prices closely mirrored fluctuations in Brent crude, with changing geopolitical expectations driving sharp movements in oil benchmarks and, consequently, bunker fuel prices.
  - Regional supply dynamics: Supply conditions remained uneven across major bunkering hubs. Availability continued to improve in Singapore and Rotterdam as inventories recovered and replenishment progressed, while Fujairah remained comparatively tight due to its strategic location and greater exposure to regional geopolitical risks.
  - Logistics and freight costs: Vessel rerouting, extended voyage distances, elevated war-risk insurance premiums and higher tanker freight rates increased bunker delivery costs, supporting physical market premiums despite improving fuel availability in some regions.
  
  In July, the global bunker market returned to a phase of heightened volatility as renewed hostilities and the escalation of the conflict in the Persian Gulf pushed bunker prices sharply higher. The upward trend followed a period of relative stabilization in June during the temporary ceasefire between Iran and the United States. By the end of July, the MABUX 380 HSFO Index had gained USD 74.07, rising from USD 550.68/MT at the end of June to USD 624.75/MT and moving back above the USD 600/MT mark. The MABUX VLSFO Index increased by USD 78.92, from USD 706.63/MT to USD 785.55/MT. The MABUX MGO LS Index posted the strongest monthly gain, advancing by USD 259.55, from USD 1,085.19/MT at the end of June to USD 1,345.16/MT. At the time of writing, the bunker market remained under upward pressure, with the potential for further price increases driven by ongoing geopolitical uncertainty.
  
  The MABUX Global Scrubber Spread (SS) – the price difference between 380 HSFO and VLSFO – widened by $4.85 in July, increasing from $155.95 at the end of June to $160.80. The monthly average value of the index also rose by $8.12. In Rotterdam, the SS Spread narrowed by $1.00, from $140.00 at the end of June to $139.00, while the monthly average increased by $32.33. In Singapore, the 380 HSFO/VLSFO spread widened by $11.00, from $229.00 to $240.00, with the monthly average value rising by $34.45. The Global and regional SS Spread indices remained well above the $100.00 breakeven level, confirming the continued economic advantage of using 380 HSFO with scrubbers over conventional VLSFO. The elevated spread levels also reflect the high volatility of the global bunker market amid the ongoing conflict in the Middle East. We expect the SS Spread to remain above the breakeven level in August, with its further dynamics largely dependent on developments in the Persian Gulf and the prospects for easing regional tensions. More detailed information is available in the "Differentials" section of mabux.com.
  
  At the end of July, the MABUX ECA Spread (ES) – the price difference between ULSFO and MGO LS – in Istanbul narrowed by $50.00, falling from $100.00 at the end of June to $50.00. The monthly average value also declined by $3.75. The Venice ECA Spread is not calculated due to the lack of regular quotations. Despite heightened volatility in the bunker market, the ECA Spread continues to show no clear trend, with the index remaining below the psychological level of $100.00. We expect the spread to continue fluctuating in August, although a moderate upward correction cannot be ruled out. More detailed information is available in the "Differentials" section of mabux.com.
  
  According to Shell, global LNG demand is projected to increase by around 65% from 2025 levels, reaching nearly 700 million tonnes per year by 2050, driven primarily by rising gas consumption in South and Southeast Asia. Global LNG trade totalled 422 million tonnes last year, and the market had been expected to record stronger growth in 2026. However, this year's expansion has been temporarily constrained by the Strait of Hormuz crisis. The Middle East conflict disrupted around one-fifth of global monthly LNG supply, driving spot LNG prices to multi-year highs and reducing purchasing activity among price-sensitive Asian importers. Despite this short-term setback, Shell maintains that long-term demand fundamentals remain robust, with structural growth in Asian gas consumption expected to support sustained expansion of the global LNG market through 2050.
  
  European gas storage injections are running around 20% below last year’s levels as negative seasonal spreads reduce incentives to fill inventories, raising concerns over meeting EU storage targets. European underground gas storage levels continued to increase during July. As of July 30, storage facilities were 56.39% full, up 7.27 percentage points from 49.12% at the end of June. However, storage levels remained 5.07 percentage points below the level recorded at the beginning of the year (61.46%). The European TTF gas benchmark strengthened during July, rising by €16.039/MWh to €58.818/MWh from €42.779/MWh at the end of June.
  
  The price of LNG as a marine fuel at the port of Sines (Portugal) increased by USD 394/MT during July, rising to USD 1,407/MT from USD 1,013/MT at the end of June. Despite the sharp increase, conventional fuel retained its price advantage. The price spread between LNG and MGO LS widened to USD 75/MT in favour of MGO LS, compared with USD 44/MT at the end of June. At the end of July, MGO LS was quoted at USD 1,332/MT in Sines. More detailed information is available in the "LNG Bunkering" section of mabux.com.
  
  At the end of July, the MABUX Market Differential Index (MDI), which measures the correlation between Market Bunker Prices (MBP) and the MABUX Digital Bunker Benchmark (DBP), showed the following trends across the four major global hubs: Rotterdam, Singapore, Fujairah and Houston.
  
  In the 380 HSFO segment, Fujairah moved into the undervalued zone, resulting in all four ports being undervalued. The average discount widened by 14 points in Rotterdam, 40 points in Fujairah and 38 points in Houston, while narrowing by 1 point in Singapore.
  
  In the VLSFO segment, Singapore moved into the overvalued zone, joining Fujairah. The average MDI increased by 25 points in Singapore but declined sharply by 295 points in Fujairah. Rotterdam and Houston remained in the undervalued zone, with their average undervaluation narrowing by 14 points and 16 points, respectively. Singapore's MDI moved close to full convergence between MBP and DBP, while Fujairah's MDI contracted sharply, falling below the $100 level.
  
  In the MGO LS segment, Fujairah shifted into the undervalued zone, joining the other three ports. The average MDI increased by 9 points in Rotterdam, 65 points in Singapore, 261 points in Fujairah and 21 points in Houston.
  
  Overall, the balance between overvalued and undervalued ports continued to shift toward the undervalued zone during July. We expect this trend to persist in August as geopolitical uncertainty in the Middle East continues to influence bunker market pricing.
  
  More detailed information on the correlation between market prices and the MABUX Digital Bunker Benchmark is available in the Digital Bunker Prices section of mabux.com.
  
  Other Global Bunkering Trends
  • Gibraltar continued to reinforce its role as a key Mediterranean bunkering hub in June, recording 553 bunker calls, up 17.2% year-on-year from 472 calls in June 2025, although below the record 599 calls registered in May. The sustained increase highlights the ongoing reshaping of global shipping patterns amid Middle East geopolitical tensions, with longer voyage distances and route diversions continuing to support bunker demand at strategically located refuelling hubs.
  • The Port of Rotterdam reported 1.636 million mt of fossil bunker fuel sales in Q2 2026, down from 1.686 million mt in Q1 2026 and significantly below 2.321 million mt recorded in Q2 2025. The decline marks the fourth consecutive quarterly contraction in fossil bunker sales, reflecting weaker conventional fuel demand and the gradual shift in vessel trading patterns and fuel consumption.
  • Peninsula notes that continued vessel diversions around the Cape of Good Hope are driving a sharp increase in tonne-mile demand, extending voyage distances and providing ongoing support to freight rates. Together with the implementation of the Mediterranean Emission Control Area (Med ECA), these longer trading routes are expected to increase operating costs while tightening bunker availability at key alternative supply hubs. As more vessels avoid the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, traffic is increasingly routed westbound through the Mediterranean and the Suez Canal before continuing towards Asia, further strengthening bunker demand across the Mediterranean region.
  • Bureau Veritas VeriFuel reported mixed bunker fuel quality trends during Q2 2026, with notable changes in VLSFO viscosity and sediment levels in both VLSFO and HSFO. VLSFO viscosity declined significantly compared with Q4 2025 in major bunkering hubs, including Fujairah (216 to 155), ARA (242 to 169) and Istanbul (103 to 59), while Malta recorded a sharp increase from 153 to 260. On a monthly basis, the global share of off-spec bunker samples eased from 1.9% in April—the highest level since April 2025—to 1.4% in May and 1.2% in June, indicating an overall improvement in fuel quality. Elevated sulphur content remained the primary cause of off-spec VLSFO globally, while excessive Total Sediment Potential (TSP) and catalytic fines (cat fines) also continued to contribute to quality deviations.
  The global bunker market is expected to remain volatile throughout August, with developments in the Middle East continuing to be the main factor driving bunker prices. Prices are likely to stay at relatively high levels and will continue to react quickly to geopolitical news. Short-term downward corrections are possible if tensions ease temporarily, but the overall market direction will remain dependent on the security of regional oil exports and tanker traffic.
  
  Source: MABUX
- 2026-08-03
  Oil slumps on hopes of Iran deal, yen spikes suddenly after intervention
  Oil prices skidded and stocks wobbled on Monday as hopes of peace in the Middle East grew, while the yen jumped suddenly after the U.S. and Japan confirmed joint intervention to prop up the frail currency. Brent crude futures sank more than 6% to $82.41... Read more Oil prices skidded and stocks wobbled on Monday as hopes of peace in the Middle East grew, while the yen jumped suddenly after the U.S. and Japan confirmed joint intervention to prop up the frail currency.
  
  Brent crude futures sank more than 6% to $82.41 after U.S. President Donald Trump said talks with Iran will happen on Monday. He had earlier called off an imminent attack on Iran to reach a deal to reopen the Strait of Hormuz and resolve the impasse over Tehran’s nuclear capabilities.
  
  S&P 500 futures rose 0.4% while Nasdaq futures gained 0.6%. But Japan’s Nikkei dipped 1% and South Korea’s KOSPI slid 3.6% after a turbulent July in which it slumped 22%.
  
  MSCI’s broadest index of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan was down 1% in early trading.
  
  The Japanese yen rose more than 1% to 155.39 per U.S. dollar in a sudden move that put traders on alert for another bout of intervention.
  
  Japan and the U.S. conducted coordinated yen-buying intervention and will not hesitate to take further action, Japan’s finance ministry said on Monday, confirming a rare bilateral action to halt the yen’s slide to fresh 40-year lows.
  
  Mizuho Bank strategist Masayuki Nakajima said the objective was likely not to reverse the broader trend of dollar/yen as structural forces remain broadly yen-negative, including persistent U.S.-Japan interest-rate differentials.
  
  "It is difficult to argue that the secular depreciation trend in the yen has fundamentally changed. In the near term, however, the momentum may shift in favour of yen appreciation, as the tone of recent U.S.‑Japan communication carries a pointed warning to speculative traders," Nakajima said.
  
  Preceding the announcement, Trump said on Sunday the United States was helping Japan to prop up the yen as a sign of friendship and to help the world economy.
  
  "They have a weakening yen, and they wanted a little bit of help. And we’re always there for Japan," Trump said in response to a reporter’s query about why the U.S. is helping to support the yen.
  
  Nick Twidale, chief market strategist at ATFX Global, said comments from Trump that it is basically a ’friendship trade’ take away credibility from the U.S. participation.
  
  "They are pushing against the fundamentals so I expect the market to eventually correct the move once the intervention has finished, unless we do see a change in the underlying factors," Twidale said. Source: Reuters/Investing.com
- 2026-08-03
  Saudi Oil Reroutes Hit Capacity and Security Limits
  When Iran shut down the Strait of Hormuz, Saudi Arabia quickly redirected its oil flows to the Red Sea. Now, that route has become dangerous because of the Houthi blockade, so Saudi is rerouting to Egypt—and two LNG tankers in the Egyptian port of Damietta... Read more When Iran shut down the Strait of Hormuz, Saudi Arabia quickly redirected its oil flows to the Red Sea. Now, that route has become dangerous because of the Houthi blockade, so Saudi is rerouting to Egypt—and two LNG tankers in the Egyptian port of Damietta just got struck by drones. OPEC’s number-one is running out of options to reroute its oil exports.
  
  In early March, after Iran effectively paralyzed vessel traffic via the world’s biggest oil chokepoint, every Gulf state that could redirect export flows did so. In the case of Saudi Arabia, it shifted its onshore Arab Light volumes from the Persian Gulf in the east onto the 7 million barrels per day Petroline to the port of Yanbu on its western shores. This quickly pushed Yanbu’s oil exports to about 2.47 million bpd, a massive 330% surge compared with pre-war levels, according to Windward data.
  
  By April, Saudi Arabia was shipping over 4 million barrels daily from Yanbu, demonstrating the benefits of alternative routes for oil and oil products. Later, however, Saudi oil flows from the southern Red Sea port declined. By June, Yanbu loadings had fallen to around 2.39 million barrels daily, down by 41% from the March peak and a 66% slump from the total Saudi export level from January of about 7.96 million barrels daily across both Gulf and Red Sea terminals, Wood Mackenzie said earlier this month.
  
  The decline, on the one hand, may have been the result of the temporary Hormuz traffic resumption in late June, after Iran and the United States managed to agree a ceasefire deal. But then that deal fell through, missile strikes resumed, and Hormuz shut down again. According to the latest data from Windward, a total of five tankers went into the strait on July 29 and three exited the chokepoint. This is a fraction of pre-war traffic levels.
  
  Meanwhile, the maritime intelligence firm also reported crude loadings in progress at Yanbu—in dark mode. There were 12 vessels at the port, including oil tankers and cargo carriers, and there were separately two “active ship-to-ship transfer pairs”. From Yanbu, Saudi vessels now sail north instead of South to avoid the Houthi blockade, which the Yemeni group declared on Saudi vessels last week.
  
  This leaves Saudi Arabia with one maritime route out of the Middle East: the Suez Canal and the SUMED pipeline to Egypt’s Mediterranean coast. The SUMED pipeline has a capacity of 2.5 million barrels daily, which suggests it would be physically impossible for Saudi Arabia to shift all of its oil flows previously handled by the East-West pipeline and Yanbu to that conduit. Yet it could, reportedly, reroute half of them to SUMED, according to Windward.
  
  The firm reported earlier this week that it had tracked at least three Saudi very large crude carriers moving crude oil from Yanbu to the Egyptian port of Ain Sukhna, where it would be fed into SUMED. Windward noted the tankers were sailing in dark mode until they approached Suez. There are also tankers loading Saudi crude from the other end of the SUMED pipeline, the Mediterranean port of Sidi Kerir, from where the vessels carry the oil to Asian buyers.
  
  Theoretically, Saudi Arabia can keep sending oil north via Suez. Practically, it would be hard for the country to do that at a scale comparable to previous oil export routes, Kpler pointed out in a recent note that looked into the options on the table for Aramco. The analytics firm noted the fact that SUMED only has a capacity of 2.5 million barrels daily and, perhaps more importantly, other countries have reserved some of that capacity earlier. The Suez Canal can also only handle about 1 million barrels daily but not more. All this suggests Saudi oil flows would shrink in the coming weeks unless the Yemeni Houthis lift their blockade, which appears unlikely at this point.
  
  With lower Saudi volumes going out, other producers would need to step up—if they can. In a rare bit of positive news from the Middle East, traffic via the Strait of Hormuz appears to be picking up, albeit moderately. ING analysts reported the development, saying that tanker crossings were still “in single digits” but higher than earlier. The report noted U.S. Energy Secretary Chris Wright as saying that some 13 million barrels daily was coming out of the Persian Gulf. This is 65% of pre-war levels, according to ING.
  
  Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia is reaping the benefits of higher prices. The country’s budget deficit has slimmed down considerably as Brent crude has gained 47% since the start of the year. Oil production is down—by as much as 25% over the second quarter of the year—and that has affected the Saudi economy in terms of growth. Oil revenues, however, were up by 28% from the first quarter of the year. Not all is bleak for Saudi Arabia, then. However, geographical vulnerabilities would be difficult to overcome. Source: Oilprice.com

Buy subscriptions via